Market Research on Havells India Ltd, Bangalore

A Report on Organization Study at HAVELLS INDIA LTD Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of Bangalore University for the Award of the Degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION By SACHIN MANJALEKAR REG NO: 10SKCMA053 Under the Guidance of Prof Acharya Institute of Management & Sciences 1st Cross, 1st Stage, Peenya Industrial Area Bangalore – 560 058 2010 – 2012 DECLARATION I, Sachin Manjalekar, hereby declare that this the organization Study Report titled, MAREKT ANALYSIS ON PURCHASING PATTERN OF DEALERS ON HAVELLS PRODUCTS is based on the organization study by me under the guidance of Prof This report has not been submitted earlier for the award of any other degree / diploma by Bangalore University or any other University. Place: Bangalore Date: Sachin Manjalekar CERTIFICATE FROM THE GUIDE Certified that this Organization Study Report titled MARKET ANALYSIS ONPURCHASING PATTERN OF DEALERS ON HAVELLS PRODUCTS is Based on an original organization study conducted by SACHIN MANJALEKAR Of III Semester MBA under my guidance. This report has not formed the basis for the award of any other degree / Diploma by Bangalore University or any other University. Place: Bangalore Prof Shweta . M Date: Professor – MBA Acharya Institute of Management and Sciences 1st Cross, Peenya I stage, Bangalore – 560058 CERTIFICATE Certified that this Organization Study Report titled MARKET ANALYSIS ON PURCHASING PATTERN OF DEALERS ON HAVELLS PRODUCT’S is based On the study conducted by SACHIN MANJALEKAR of III Semester MBA under the guidance of Prof. This report is based on the original study undergone and has not formed the basis for the award of any other degree/diploma by Bangalore University or any other University. Prof Shweta. M Dr. Kerron. G. Reddy Professor – MBA CEO and Principal Place: Bangalore Place: Bangalore Date: Date: Acknowledgement The toughest of endeavors in the world is not possible without the support of a helping hand which guides and motivates a person to take on any challenge head on. Inputs from such helping hands are always like very essential because more often or not certain mistakes which go unnoticed from our eyes. I am thankful to Dr. Kerron G Reddy, Principal and CEO of Acharya Institute of Management and Sciences, who had provided all the required facilities to carry out the dissertation project work and nurturing my skills to execute the requirements. I am heartily thankful to my guide Prof , Acharya Institute of Management and Sciences, whose encouragement, guidance and support from the initial to the final level enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject. I offer my regards and blessings to all my Professors of AIMS who supported me in any respect during the completion of the dissertation project. Last but not the least I thank my dear parents, teachers and friends who have been source of support, strength, inspiration and encouragement for whatever I am today. CHAPTER CONTENTS Page No. CHAPTER 1 Profiles Opening lines 1. 1Introduction 1. 2Industry Profile 1. 3Company profile 1. 4Products Profile 1. 5Competitors Profile CHAPTER 2Organization Structure CHAPTER 3Functional Departments Opening lines 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. CHATPER 4SWOT Analysis CHAPTER 5Ethical / Best Practices / Policies in the organisation CHAPTER 6 Findings, Suggestions & Conclusion Bibliography & Annexure Special Task †¢Introduction †¢Statement of problem †¢objectives †¢Research Methodology †¢Analysis & Interpretation of data INTRODUCTION Industry which I have taken to do my summer internship is an Electrical industry, were their products are sold to both customers and Industrial customer segment. Products like Switchgears, Motors, Fans and wires etc†¦In this internship I have choose to do Market Analysis of on purchasing patterns of Havells products . I conducted my market research on Electrical dealers at Chikpet ,Balepet , I V K Iyengar Road of Bangalore. This Report gives the detail of purchasing pattern of 30 dealers, where they sell various different company products other than Havells like Anchor, Philips, Crompton Greaves, Polycab etc. I have mainly focused my market research on Havells products and dealers who purchase Havells products. 1 . 2 INDUSTRY PROFILE The Indian Electrical/Electronics Industry is slowly emerging like every other industry sector in India. Over the past fifty years there was no exposure to global players and competition, with the result that the Industry grew up in a sheltered environment, dependent on the Government for everything, from licenses to protection to tariffs. Each one of these interventions was aimed at securing protection for oneself and ensuring growth of one’s own organization at the cost of industry and the nation at large. Lack of global competition encouraged a â€Å"cost plus† approach, where every conceivable cost increase was passed on to the customer. There was thus no motivation to reduce costs. With deli censing, decontrol and deregulation, Indian Industry has suddenly been exposed to global competition. Since last decade, India has witnessed what global players have achieved and what they are capable of achieving. We are becoming aware of competition on our turf. In this scenario, every company complains of increased competition, lower order books and shrinking margins. The Indian Electrical/Electronics Industry is of course further besieged by the fact that there is a dearth of business on account of lack of investment in the power infrastructure. Many organizations in this industry are looking overseas to develop the export markets owing to reduced demand at home. At the outset, it must be stated that the reduced domestic demand is at best a temporary phenomenon. The power sector in India is bound to grow and this will undoubtedly boost demand from the Utilities, quite apart from the industrial demand which will continue to grow with increased industrial output. The poor financial health of the SEBs is however a damper that cannot be wished away in the short term. This will continue to plague corporates in the Electrical Industry, until the SEB restructuring and unbundling brings a turnaround in the medium term. Factors Governing the Growth of Indian Electrical Industry Every industry thrives on some supporting factors. In this connection, there are few factors governing the growth of electrical and electronics industry: †¢Research & development played an important role to the increased productivity and higher-value added electrical and electronics products. †¢Foreign investments accelerated growth in production and export as well. To expand their business, foreign companies have done huge investment which lead developing countries in establishing production units. Global industries like Medical, Telecommunications, Industrial & Automotive industries have been cordially supported by electrical & electronics industry. †¢Increase in income changed living standards of the common mass. As a result, it increased the demand of electronics especially consumer electronics products globally. †¢Electric & Electrical industry is highly fragmented which comprises of many small and me dium size enterprises resulting into a huge industry. †¢Asia Pacific region is emerging as the most spinning place for the consumer electronics industry, as the markets remain still unbroached. Innovation has played importantly in this industry. It led to a consistent demand for newer and faster products and applications. Future Prospects of Indian Electrical Industry The domestic market in India is itself large, and one must firstly satisfy this market with products that meet international quality standards. With increasing globalisation, every international player is now operating in India, providing goods and services complying with international quality. Once we deliver high quality products and services within the domestic market, accessing the international market for exports should not pose a serious challenge. The Electrical/Electronics Industry in India is growing to its full potential in the coming years and no doubt that India will soon come to be recognized for quality products and services which in turn, will bring this industry to a position of true leadership. Indian electrical industry has grown because of government's thrust on it and also due to overall economic growth. It has also reached a stage where the industry has demonstrated its capabilities. The industry has seen a growth of 20% and should continue at the same level for the next few years. 1. 3 COMPANY PROFILE Havell’s India Limited was established in 1958 and is a part of the QRG group. It is one of the India’s largest electrical and power distribution equipment manufacturer company. Havells India is in four segments namely: Switchgears, Cable , Lighting and Fixtures and Electrical Consumer Durables. It is amongst the top three players in most of its products and is fast increasing its market share through aggressive brand building Today Havells India is a billion-dollar-plus Indian electrical equipment company with products ranging from industrial & domestic circuit protection switchgear, cables & wires, motors, fans, power capacitors, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), and luminaries for domestic, commercial & industrial applications, modular switches covering household, commercial and industrial electrical needs. Havells owns global brands like Crabtree, Sylvania, Concord, Luminance, Linolite & SLI Lighting. Havells has 94 branches / representative offices and over 5000 professionals in over 50 countries. Its 12 state-of-the-art manufacturing plants in India are located at Haridwar, Baddi, Noida, Faridabad, Alwar, Neemrana, and 8 state-of-the-art manufacturing plants are located across Europe, Latin America & Africa Churn out globally acclaimed products. Havells is a name Synonymous with excellence and expertise in the electrical industry. It’s 20000 strong global distribution network is prompt to service customers. The company has acquired a number of International certifications, like CSA, KEMA, CB, CE,ASTA, CPA, SEMKO, SIRIUM (Malaysia), SPRING (Singapore), TSE (Turkey), SNI (Indonesia) and EDD (Bahrain) for various products. Today, Havells and its brands have emerged as the preferred choice of electrical products for discerning individuals and industrial consumers both in India and abroad. In an attempt to transform itself from an industrial product company to a consumer products company, Havells launched the consumer electrical products such as CFLs, Fans, Modular Switches & Luminiaires. The company has been consistent in its brand promotion with sponsorship of Cricket events like T20 World Cup, India-Australia Series and IPL. The company has also taken the initiative to reach directly to the consumers through â€Å"Havells Galaxy† – a one stop shop for all electrical and lighting needs. Social and environmental responsibility has been at the forefront of Havells operating philosophy and as a result the company consistently contributes to socially responsible activities. For instance, the company is providing mid-day meal in government schools in Alwar district, covering 15000 students per day. Besides this company has acquired land for constructing a larger kitchen with all the modern facilities to serve freshly cooked food to 50000 students in the area. Havells runs a mobile Medical Van, equipped with a trained doctor and necessary medicines in the rural areas of Delhi & NCR for the very poor and needy villagers. We also setup free medical check-up camps. In the past also, the company has generously contributed to the society during various national calamities like the Bihar Flood, Tsunami and Kargil National Relief Fund etc. The essence of Havells success lies in the expertise of its fine team of professionals, strong relationships with associates and the ability to adapt quickly and efficiently, with the vision to always think ahead. Havells is acknowledged as a manufacturer & suppliers of the widest range of quality low voltage electrical equipment. With a number of strategic alliance in place, Havells is the only company that has shown phenomenal growth rate with the help of various joint ventures,acquisition,mergers and takeovers. Havells recently acquired Frankfurt headquartered,SLI sylvania for $ 300 mn. The company is a leading global designer and provider of lighting systems for lamps and fixtures. Sylvania is one of the most globally recognized brand for over a century in the electrical industry with brand like Sylvania,Concord:marlin,Lumiance,Marlin,Claude and Linolite-Sylvania. History (Milestones-Years Achievements) 1958: Commenced trading operations in Delhi 1971: Bought HAVELLS Brand 1976: Set up the first manufacturing plant for Rewireable Switches and Changeover Switches at Kirti Nagar, Delhi. Havells in the year 1976. 1979: Set up a manufacturing plant for HBC Fuses at Badli, Delhi. 980: Started manufacturing high quality Energy Meters at Tilak Nagar, Delhi. 1983: Acquired Towers and Transformers Ltd. and turned it into a profitably manufacturing Energy Meters Company in one year. 1987: Started manufacturing MCBs at Badli, Delhi in a Joint Venture with Geyer, Germany. 1990: Set up a manufacturing plant at Sahibabad, UP for Changeover Switches. 1993: Set up another manufact uring plant at Faridabad, Haryana for Control Gear Products. 1996: Acquired a manufacturing plant at Alwar, Rajasthan for Power Cables & Wires. Entered into a Joint Venture with Electrium, UK for manufacturing Dorman Smith MCCBs and Crabtree Modular Plate Switches. 1997: Acquired Electric Control & Switchboards at NOIDA for manufacturing customized packaged solutions. 1998: Introduced high-end Ferraris Meters in Joint Venture with DZG, Germany. 2000: Acquired controlling stake in Duke Arnics Electronics (P) Limited engaged in manufacturing of Electronic Meters-Single Phase, Three Phase, Multi Function, Tri-Vectors. Acquired controlling interest in an industry major-Standard Electricals Ltd. 001: Acquired business of Havells Industries Ltd, MCCB of Crabtree India Limited and merged ECS Limited in the company to consolidate its area of core competence. 2002: Standard Electrical Company becomes a 100% Subsidiary of the company Attained the IEC certification for Industrial switchgear and CSA certification for all manufacturing plants. 2003: Set up manufacturing plant at Baddi (H. P. ) for manufacturing of Domestic Switchgear. Se t up a manufacturing plant for manufacturing of CFL at existing manufacturing plant in Faridabad, Haryana. 2004: Set up a manufacturing plant for manufacturing of Ceiling Fans at Noida, UP. Set-up their own marketing office in London through their wholly owned subsidiary company Havells U. K. Ltd. In December 2004, placed 235 fully convertible debentures of Rs. 10 lakhs on M/s. Shine Ltd. , Mauritius and the debenture got converted in June, 2006 Attained the CE certificate for CFLs. 2005: Set up manufacturing plant in Haridwar, Uttaranchal for manufacturing Fans. Awarded the KEMA certification by The Dutch Council for Accreditation, making QRG the only group to attain this certification. Set up of R Center in Noida H. O. 2006: Crabtree India merged with Havells India. Added CFL production unit in Haridwar manufacturing plant. Expansion at Alwar manufacturing plant for increase of production capacity. Expansion at Baddi manufacturing plant and set-up of an Export Oriented Unit. 2006: First Company to get the ISI Certification for complete range of CFLs. Started mid-day meal program at Alwar, Rajasthan caters to 10,000 students from 77 schools. 2007: Set-up of Capacitor manufacturing plant in Noida, UP with the capacity of 6, 00,000 KVAr per month. Acquired the Lighting business of a Frankfurt based company â€Å"Sylvania†, a global leader in lighting business and now the company's turnover crosses US$ 1 Billion. Havells at that time was best known for its electrical switches, energy meters and miniature circuit breakers (MCBs), while SLI Sylvania was a renowned yet under-leveraged European lamps and fixtures brand. In March 2007, Havells acquired SLI Sylvania of Netherlands for $300 Million, making it the fourth largest lighting business in the world, worth over a billion USD! This was, at that time, the biggest overseas takeover by an Indian Electrical equipment manufacturer. This takeover helped take the Havells brand to over 20,000 dealers across Latin America, Europe, Asia and Africa. The combined Havells-Sylvania generated over a $1 billion in revenue with more than 60% coming from international sales. Havells’ portfolio of prestigious global brands now includes Crabtree, Sylvania, Concord, Luminance, Linolite & SLI Lighting. 2008:First Indian CFL manufacturers to have adopted RoHS, European norms on Restriction of Hazardous Substances in CFLs. Set up of Global Corporate office, QRG Towers at Expressway Noida. Havells Corporate Office. Investment of Rs. 50 Crores in Global Center for Research and Innovation (CRI). Set up of fully automatic plant for Havells Lafert Motors at Neemrana. Change in Corporate BRAND identity. [3] 2009: Set up of fully automatic 2nd unit for switchgear manufacturing at Baddi. Global consolidation of CFL manufacturing plant at Neemrana for domestic and export purposes. Launch of India’s 1st HPF CFL. Launch of India’s 1st BEE 5* Rated Fan. 2010: Inauguration of fan manufacturing unit 2 at Haridwar. Global Launch of LED products. Acquired 100% interest in Standard Electricals. Sets up World’s First New Generation CMH Lamp Plant at Neemrana. Vision â€Å"To be a globally recognized corporation that provides best electrical & lighting solutions,delivered by best in class people. † Mission To achieve our vision through fairness,business ethics, global reach,technological expertise,building long term relationships with all our associates,customers,partners,and employees. Values †¢Customer Delight:A commitment to surpassing our customer expectations. †¢Leadership by examle: A commitment to set standards in set standards in our business and transactions based on mutual trust. †¢Integrity and Transparency:A Commitment to be ethical,sincere and open in our dealings. Pursuit of Excellence: A commitment to strive relentlessly,to constantly improve ourselves, our teams,our services and products so as to become the best in class Promoters QRG Group is one of the fastest growing Electrical and Power Distribution Equipment Company in the country, manufacturing products ranging from building circuit protection, industrial & domestic switchgear, cables & wires, energy meters, fans, CFLs, luminaries, bath fittings and modular switches. The group comprises of 5 companies – 1) Havells India Ltd. (the flagship company) 2) Standard Electricals 3) Crabtree India Ltd 4) TTL 5) Sylvanias Board of Directors 1. Qimat Rai Gupta (Chairman and Managing Director) 2. Anil Gupta (Joint Managing Director) 3. Surjit Gupta (Director Operations) 4. Ameet Gupta (Director International Marketing) 5. Rajesh Gupta (Director Finance) Shareholders †¢Indian Promoters hold 61. 6%, single business focus. †¢In 2007 Warburg Pincus, a global private equity firm and one of the largest investors in India, invested US $110 million in Havells India Ltd. †¢Warburg Pincus share in havells represents 14 % of the fully diluted share capital of the company. †¢Overtime company attracted high quality long term investors Sequoia capital CLSA Blackrock SAIF partners Sloane Robinson HSBC (largest FII in India) SBI (largest bank in India) Havells Total Revenue Growth Starting off as a manufacturer of switchgears in 1971, Havells till the late 1990s was largely involved in manufacturing industrial products. Foreseeing strong growth prospects in the consumer goods category, the company later diversified into products such as fans, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), modular switches, and power cables and wires. As these products are used mostly during building construction or renovation, the company benefited from the rapid growth in the real estate sector, reporting a robust compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 40% in its revenues in the last ten years. To further capitalize on the growth potential in the consumer goods category, Havells is now expanding its portfolio, including products such as water heaters and electrical appliances. With its main focus being on electrical consumer goods, demand for most of Havells products is driven by consumer spending and power availability. Over the last four years, the top players in domestic electrical consumer goods industry have demonstrated strong revenue growth of 15-18%, driven by rising income levels, increasing urbanization, and greater rural electrification. Further, with standards of living improving and consumer focus increasing on saving energy, the demand for quality products has been reporting strong growth. The trend is expected to sustain, with the main beneficiaries being companies with established brands and product attributes that stand out in an increasingly cluttered market, high quality standards that neutralize competition from unorganized-sector players, and extensive distribution networks that enable them to reach the high growth centre’s in Tier-II and Tier-III cities. Given its established track record, Havells is in a favorable position to capitalize on the sector‘s growth potential. We expect Havells to post a net profit CAGR of around 11% between 2009-10 and 2012-13(E) on a standalone basis. Major clients of Havells 1. 4 PRODUCT PROFILE There are twelve verticals of Havells they are as follows: 1. DP- Domestic product- (Miniature Circuit Breaker ) 2. IP- Industrial products- (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker ) 3. Switches (Modular )- Crabtree 4. Switches (Modular )- Havells 5. Motorts- Industrial 6. CFL’s-( Compact Flurosent Light ) There are various types of CFL’s they are as follows Normal, Spiral, Higher Range, T-2 Spiral, G24 Base 7. Professional Luminous 8. Consumers Luminous 9. Fans- There are various types of CFL’s they are as follows Table Fans, Wall mounted, Ceiling Fans, Exhaust Fans, Pedestal Fans 10. Geysers 11. Wires 12. Cables- There are various types of Cables they are as follows Flat Cables, Co-axial TV Cables, Telephone Switch Board Cables, Multi Core Round Products Building Circuit Protection Miniature Circuit Breaker o Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) o Isolator o Changeover Switch Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB) o RCBO o Distribution Board (DB) o Indicator Light Industrial Circuit Protection o Air Circuit Breaker o MCCB o Panel Board system o Changeover Switch o By-pass Changeover Switch o Load Changeover Switch o Automatic Transfer Switch o Switch Disconnector o Control Gear o Switch Disconnector Fuse o Fuse Switch and Switch Fuse o Chamber System o Fuse Holder o Nylon F use Base o Fuse Link and Fuse Base Motors Foot Cum Flange Motor. o Foot Mounting o Flange Motor o Foot Cum Flange o Inverter Duty Motors with Forced Cooling o Crane Duty Motors o Brake Motors Normal Duty o Heavy Duty o Super Heavy Duty o Agriculture Duty o Motor Run Capacitors Lighting oLED Lighting o Consumer Lighting o Commercial Lighting o Down Lighter o Landscape – Bunker Lighting o Industrial Lighting o Area Lighting o Road Lighting o Specialty Lamps o Accessories o Aura Lighting CFL India's First HPF Green CFL. o Retrofit o Non Retrofit o Higher Range o Liliput o FPL Water Heater o Instantaneous Water Heater o Electric Storage Water Heater Cables and Wires o Power Cables – Aluminum Control Cables – Copper o Copper Flexible Cables Fans Havells Ceiling Fans. o Ceiling Fans o Table Fans o Wall Mounting Fans o Pedestal Fans o Air Circulator Fans o Ventilating Fans 3. 9 Modular Plate Switches o Havells Modular Switches o Crabtree Modular Switches Capacitors Hav ells started manufacturing of its new range of products Capacitors in February 2007 Havells Capacitors are designed and manufactured using S3 technology. It encompenses product with triple shield with differential disconnector in the event of any fault within due to environmental compatibility. Automatic controlled vacuum potting of â€Å"Element Modules† ensures fault remains localized. and protects the installation in spite of hazards Advance technologies adopted in our â€Å"Capacitors† offer you unmatched safety and outstanding performance under Indian conditions benefiting you month after month and every year from now on†¦ Figure Capacitors 1. 5 COMPETITORS PROFILE CIRCUIT PROTECTION DEVICES BUILDING CIRCUIT PROTECTION COMPETITOR’S POSITION I. Havells II. Legrand III. Indo Asian IV. Schneider INDUSTRIAL CIRCUIT PROTECTION COMPETITOR’S POSITION I. L II. Osram III. Schneider IV. Havells POWER CABLE COMPETITOR’S POSITION I. Polycab II. Havells III. Gloster WIRES COMPETITOR’S POSITION I. Finolex II. Havells III. Anchor IV. FANS COMPETITOR’S POSITION I. Crompton Greaves II. Orient III. Usha IV. Bajaj V. Havells ENGERY SAVINGS LAMP COMPETITOR’S POSITION I. Phillips II. Havells III. Osram LIGHTING FIXTURES COMPETITOR’S POSITION I. Phillips II. Bajaj III. Crompton Greaves IV. Havells Fig : ORGANIZATION CHART EXPLANATION OF ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE ?Havells India Ltd has straight line-functional structure. ? Qimat Rai Gupta is chairman and Managing Director of Havells India Ltd. Directors, Branch Heads, National product heads have to report Managing director. ?There are 12 different products of Havells and there are 12 different Branch Heads as show in organisation chart. ?Product Heads, Ass. Managers, Senior Sales Executive, Sales Executive, they have to report their respective Branch Heads as shown in organization chart. ? Account s Executive have to report commercial Head and commercial head have to report Branch Head. ?Similarly Service Executive has to report Service Head and service head have to report their respective Branch Heads as shown in rganization chart. Work culture at Havells QRG is continuously applying modern management techniques such as Kaizen to enable employees to improve their day to day functioning in small steps, one at a time. QRG has also implemented Japanese version of 5S which stands for â€Å"a place for everything and everything in its place†. The company has Introduced these techniques as it firmly believes that small changes add up to large results and the only way for a corporation to grow, is to make its people grow. The Group is driven by qualified and experienced professionals backed by a work force of over 4000 employees. All branches and manufacturing facilities are computerized and networked with each other. An open door policy at all levels encourages employees to be participated, innovative and creative. Empowering employees helps the organization in harnessing individual talents to the fullest. Emphasis is laid on building team spirit which helps employees to realize collective potential. Manufacturing Plants: Powerful trends are shaping up industry for the 21st century. Because of rapid spread of advanced technologies complexity of work is increasing – almost daily. With the state of the art equipments and manufacturing facilities, QRG group is helping to boost safety in workplaces from the factory to the offices, domestic buildings to commercial plazas. All the manufacturing units are probably supervised and controlled by technocrats and industry specialists. The group has well managed, well equipped tool rooms with machines like CCV Line, CNC Machines, EDM Wire Cut, Spark Erosion Machines, Lathes and Surface Grinders. Our strategic alliances with some of the leading technologycorporations in the world of electrical engineering, ensure constant access to the latest developments in the international markets, which are then adapted to the tough tropical conditions. Our manufacturing units are fully equipped with the latest and most sophisticated facilities in India. And in the hands of our highly qualified technical experts, this results in some of the most advanced product development in the country Location: Branch offices / zonal offices / manufacturing plants Haridwar, Uttaranchal Products manufactured: Fans and CFLs †¢ Baddi, Himanchal Pradesh Products manufactured: MCBs, CFLs and Switches †¢ Samepur Badli, Delhi Products manufactured: MCBs, ELCBs and DBs †¢ Tilak Nagar, Delhi Products manufactured: Energy Meters †¢ NOIDA, UP Product manufactured: Fans †¢ Alwar, Rajasthan Products manufactured: Cables & Wires †¢ Faridabad, Haryana Products manufactured: CFLs and Ind ustrial Products. †¢ Gurgaon, Haryana Luminaries and Lighting fixtures †¢ Jalandhar Products manufactured: MCBs, ELCBs, DBs, Wires and Industrial Switchgear †¢ Gurgaon, Haryana Products manufactured: Modular Plate Switches & Accessories . SWOT ANALYSIS Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves Specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and External factors those are favorable and unfavorable to achieving that objective. A SWOT analysis must first start with defining a desired end state or objective. A SWOT Analysis may be incorporated into the strategic planning model. Strategic Planning, including SWOT and SCAN analysis, has been the subject of much research. †¢ Strengths: attributes of the person or company those are helpful to achieving the objective. Weaknesses: attributes of the person or company those are harmful to achieving the objective. †¢ Opportunities: exte rnal conditions those are helpful to achieving the objective. †¢ Threats: external conditions which could do damage to the objective. Identification of SWOTs is essential because subsequent steps in the process of planning for achievement of the selected objective may be derived from the SWOTs. The aim of any SWOT analysis is to identify the key internal and external factors that are important to achieving the objective. These come from within the company's unique value chain. SWOT analysis groups key pieces of information into two main categories: †¢ Internal factors – The strengths and weaknesses internal to the organization. †¢ External factors – The opportunities and threats presented by the external environment to the organization STRENGTHS †¢Foreign Joint Venture & International approvals †¢World class infrastructure †¢Low cost of Production due to the easy availability of raw materials and cheap labour †¢Leveraging upon Sylvinia network (10000 distributors). †¢Global presence (Latin America, UK, Europe) †¢Largest manufacturing capacity in the country for motors †¢R & D facilities WEAKNESS †¢High power consumption and requirement of continous power supply †¢Season demand of the production due to weather condition †¢Increased cost of production due to increase in coal prices †¢Globally small Market share †¢Slowdown of real estates †¢Delays in execution of power projects OPPORTUNITIES †¢Global opportunities. †¢Growing middle class : There has been increase in the purchasing power of emerging middle-class with rise in salaries and wages, which results in rising demand for better quality of life that further necessitates infrastructure development and hence increase the demand for CFL. Technological changes: The CFL industry has made tremendous strides in technological up gradation and assimilation of latest technology. At present ninety three per cent of the total capacity in the industry is based on the capacity is based on old wet and semi-dry process technology. The induction of advanced technology has helped the industr y immensely to conserve energy and fuel and to save material substantially and hence reduced the cost of production. †¢Changing dynamics due to increased FDI inflows †¢Shift of public perception on the product from being a luxury item to necessity. Acquisition of Chinese firms for low cost manufacturing. †¢Vertical integration into Havells retail outlets. †¢Leveraging upon motor business in India THREATS †¢Unorganized market. †¢International policies on environment of highly energy efficient, low or zero noise environment efficient product †¢Unrelated diversification †¢Global slowdown effected business adversely as is largely dependent on Sylvinia BCG MATRIX BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP (BCG) MATRIX is developed by BRUCE HENDERSON Of the BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP IN THE EARLY 1970’s. According to this technique, businesses or products are classified as low or high performers depending upon their market growth rate and relative market share. Market share is the percentage of the total market that is being serviced by your company, measured either in revenue terms or unit volume terms. RELATIVE MARKET SHARE RMS = Business unit sales this year Leading rival sales this year The higher your market share, the higher proportion of the market you control. Market growth is used as a measure of a market’s attractiveness. MARKET GROWTH RATE MGR = Individual sales this year – individual sales last year Individual sales last year Markets experiencing high growth are ones where the total market share available is expanding, and there’s plenty of opportunity for everyone to make money. It is a portfolio planning model which is based on the observation that a company’s business units can be classified in to four categories: I. Stars Question marks II. Cash cows III. Dogs It is based on the combination of market growth and market share relative to the next best competitor. The matrix comprises of four quadrants each describing the size and position of the strategic business unit owned by an organization. On the vertical axis is the Market Growth rate of the market in which the business operates. A market growth rate above 10 percent is considered to be high. On the horizontal axis is the Relative Market Share. It refers to the Strategic Business Unit’s market share as compared to the firm, which is its largest competitor in the segment under consideration. The relative market share serves a measure of the company’s strength in the market segment. The two axes are divided into high & low. The growth matrix is divided into four cells each indicating a different type of business profile. QUESTION MARKS: These are Businesses that operate in high- growth markets but have low relative market shares. A question mark requires a lot of cash because the company has to spend money on plant, equipment and personnel to keep up with the fast growing market and because it wants to overtake the market leader. The company has to think hard about whether to keep on investing money into this business or put an end. Strategic options for question marks include.. I. Market penetration II. Market development III. Product development IV. Which are all intensive strategies or divestment? STARS: – It is a market leader in a high growth market. A star does not necessarily produce a positive cash flow for the company. The company must spend substantial funds to keep up with the high market growth and to fight off competitor attacks. A star is a potential business which has the competitive advantage to be a market leader in an industry that is growing fast. Strategic options for stars include. I. Integration – forward, backward and horizontal II. Market penetration III. Market development IV. Product development V. Joint ventures CASH COWS: – Stars with a falling growth rate that still have the largest relative market share and produce a lot of cash for the company is called a cash cow. The company does not have to finance expansion because the markets growth rate has slowed because the business is the market leader it enjoys economies of scale and higher profit margins. The company uses its cash cows to pay bills and support other business. ). Strong position:-strategic options are I. Product development II. Concentric diversification b). Weak position :- strategic options are I. Retrenchment II. Divestment DOGS: – Businesses that have weak market shares in low-growth markets are in the dog category. The company should consider whether they are expecting a turn around in the market growth rate or a new chance for market leadership else they should div est this business. It would be fruitless to spend and money on this matrix business. Strategic options for Dogs include I. Retrenchment (if it is believed that it could be revitalized) II. Liquidation III. Divestment (if you can find someone to buy! ) Successful products may well move from question mark through star to Cash Cow and finally to Dog. Less successful products that never gain market position will move straight from question mark to dog BCG MATRIX IN HAVELLS:- Indian Operations of the Company are divided into 4 key segments: Switchgear: Havells is the largest manufacturers of MCBs, RCCBs, and distribution boards in India . With the market share of around 25% in the market for MCBs. In FY08, switchgear contributed 25% at Rs. 5420 million to its overall revenue. This segment is the most profitable one with operating margins to the tune of 33% in the FY08. The Company currently exports MCBs to over countries, including the quality conscious European countries. The Company is the number one player in domestic switchboards with more than 20% market share and is the 4th largest in Industrial switch boards. With continued investment in power sector they expect Company to grow at 15% CAGR over FY08-FY12. Switch Gear division had EBIT margins of 32% for Q3FY09. They expect margins in this business will remain stable above 30% over long term. Cable and Wires: The cable & wire segment generated Rs 2133 million in the Q3FY09 registering y-o-y de-growth of 14% EBIT margins fell from 9. 5% 9M YTD FY08 to 5. 4% in FY09. Fall in revenues was registered due to drop in prices of cables and wires and huge margin drop in was due adjustment in inventory due to massive reduction in prices of Copper in this Quarter. Company had negative EBIT of Rs. -76 million on revenues of Rs. 2133 million for Q3. The Company is recognized as quality manufacturers of cable & wires and offers a complete range of low and high voltage PVC and XLPE cables, besides, domestic/FRLS wires, Co-Axial TV and telephone cables. Lightning and Fixtures During FY08, the turnover of the division grew at 25% y-o-y to Rs 2900 million, first quarter revenues stood at 650 million, 11% up from same period of previous year. The Company generated operating profit of Rs. 190 million with 26. 7% margins as against 12. 3% margin last year. In this division, the Company expanded its CFL capacity to become the largest CFL manufacturer in the country. They expect Company to aggressively pitch this segment by launching a range of products in lightings and fixtures as it brings products from the stable of Sylvania into the Indian markets. Currently 60% of the CFL and only 30% of the fixtures market is organized. Their estimates put Lightings and Fixtures business growth at 25% CAGR FY10E –FY12E as industrial growth is likely to pick up. Electrical Consumer Deliverables & Others Havells also offers products like electric fans, meters and ‘Crabtree’ brand bath fittings which are largely consumer products and add diversity to Havells product profile. With strong brand image among domestic consumers, Havells may launch new products like Geysers in this segment. They believe the electric fan segment, which contributes 10% to consolidated revenues, and generates operating margins in excess of 20%, is the key focus segment. The Company has increased its share form 3% to 13% in the organized fan market of INR 17 bn form FY 05 to FY08 PESTLE ANALYSIS (PEST analysis) Political (Global, national, regional, local community and trends) Economic (world, national and local trends) Social (development in society – culture, behaviour, expectations). Technological (developments: computer hardware, software, applications) Legal (world/ EU/ national legislation). Environmental (global / EU/ National issues). PESTLE Analysis is a simple technique which can be used in a fairly sophisticated way, Particularly when it is combined with Risk Analysis, SWOT Analysis, an Urgency/Impotency Grid and expert knowledge about the organisation and its external factors. PESTLE Analysis is normally used to help organisations identify and understand the external environment in which they operate and how it will operate in the future. SOCIAL FACTOR Havell acquires companies and builds internally, havells Group never loses sight of its responsibility as a good corporate citizen. Havells believes that serving people with meager or no means is the duty of every well-to-do person. It consistently puts that philosophy into action and has initiated several projects for social causes. This has greatly increased the number of children attending school regularly and also alleviates hunger. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) at havells portrays the deep symbiotic relationship that the group enjoys with the communities it is engaged with. As a responsible corporate citizen, we try to contribute for social and environmental causes on a regular basis. Kitchen with Modern Facilities The company has acquired land for constructing a large kitchen with all the modern facilities to serve the meal to around 40000 to 50000 students. Mid Day Meal Being a responsible and concerned corporate citizen, QRG also undertakes other welfare activities in and around its plant locations, In Alwar region; the company is providing mid-day meal close to 15000 students of primary schools. Check-up Camps Blood Donation Camps Contribution towards Tsunami and Kargil National Relief Fund. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTOR Research and Development Innovation is the hallmark of every vital development at havells Group. New ideas, inventions deepen scientific knowledge and give its work force a new impetus towards technical progress. Havells’s technological strengths and its endeavour towards continuous research & development have allowed it to fulfils its responsibilities towards its customers. The responsibility of providing its customers the best products and zero defect services to enable them to be comfortable and secure in usage of electricity. Havells has recently invested 50 crores in the QRG Center for Research and Innovation, set-up at the company's Head Office premises in Noida, U. P. The objective of this centre is to provide the theoretical & experimental foundations for all segments of electrical engineering. The centre closely cooperates with the various departments so as to provide the best and the latest in terms of technology and design. Quality Control The essence of quality is closely wrapped in the way we think, plan and work. It finds its true expression when we extend beyond ourselves to exceed our customer’s expectations. To deliver products those are safer, faster and simply better. Each time, every time. Building customer confidence through teamwork is a top priority to provide a wide variety of products and services. Realising and respecting the basic needs of customers to feel more secure, we've committed ourselves to make our products better, safer and smarter than what he or she is looking for. That's a passion that began 30 years ago and that's how it continues to be even today. Our customers rely on us and it is our responsibility to give them the very best. All our products are as per IEC standards. QRG has a simple rule on quality. If it doesn't exceed customer expectation, it's not quality ECONOMIC FACTOR The Havells Group defines corporate governance strategically, which encompasses not only what we do as a company with our profits, but also how we make them. It goes beyond philanthropy and compliance and addresses how our company manages its economic, social, and environmental impacts, as well as its relationships in all key spheres of influence: the workplace, the marketplace, the supply chain, the community, and the public policy realm. We as a company have been in lead in offering a portfolio of eco responsible products and services that deliver powerful, sustainable, energy-efficient solutions that don't compromise on capacity and security. Our eco responsibility initiative also focuses on how we run our business, and includes efforts to develop an alternative-energy strategy, and thus reduce the environmental impact of our operations. We strive to bring corporate responsibility to every aspect of our business. We're committed to managing a responsible and diverse supply chain that's consistent with our high standards for environmental and business practices. Breaking down the barriers that constrain innovation is a challenge; we have readily embraced right from the start. Our ability to build communities and promote the exchange of ideas through assistive technologies, participation programs, and standardization is transforming the way people experience our products. We offer our customers holistic energy-efficient solutions, enabling them to not only save money and protect their capital investment, but also lower their energy usage and protect the environment, thus fulfilling our CSR responsibility of sustenance of depleting environmental resources. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND ETHICS An implicit sense of ethical business conduct has been the cornerstone of the havells way on corporate governance. On issues ranging from customer care and business excellence to financial propriety and more, explicit rules and regulations supplement the traditional values on which our group companies have been shaped. This is what we have endeavored to do in the 50 years of our existence. Our values of understanding, trust, integrity and ethics have served us in good stead. Corporate governance as practiced by our Group translates into being fair and civic-minded, fulfilling our duties to the entire spectrum of stakeholders, and, most importantly, making integrity an article of faith across all our operations. The group's adherence to ethical business conduct is rooted in the vision of its Founder Mr Qimat Rai Gupta. We started on sound and straightforward business principles, considering the interests of our shareholders and welfare of our employees as foundation of our long term success. The ‘leadership with trust' philosophy that has come to play such a vital role in how our customers perceive us is all the more remarkable given the climate of unparalleled public distrust of people in positions of authority today both in business and politics. Employee Relations Our people are the key to our success. Their skills, knowledge, ideas and enthusiasm drive our business. We have high-quality, diverse workforce and employees who fulfill their potential. We have achieved this by giving them development and advancement opportunities along with competitive compensation and benefits that appropriately reward performance We communicate widely with employees to demonstrate how their efforts contribute to our success and to listen to their concerns. We also encourage them to align with our vision. We are committed to open communications and a workplace where everyone's voice is heard. We use several channels to communicate with employees, including an internal web portal and company website along with communication sessions with the top management of the company. These sessions provide assessment of employee satisfaction and are inputs for business planning, management decision-making and company strategy development. They also help employees implement company policies, meet high standards of conduct and ensure their behavior reflects company values and policies. We seek to meet leading health, safety and wellness standards to enhance our business performance while optimizing employee health. Our facility policies are designed to continually reduce the risk of occupational injury and illness while promoting employee health and wellbeing. We wish to be a company that is known for its leadership in corporate ethics and responsibility. A company where employees are proud to work, and customers, partners and suppliers want to do business with. 5. SPECIAL TASK MARKET ANALYSIS ON PURCHASING PATTERN OF HAVELLS DEALER SURVEY OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: ?To study the Purchasing Pattern of Dealers of Havells product ? To find how the product is accepted in the market. ? To know the perception of customer regarding the quality of Havells. ? To know how satisfied are Dealers with the products they purchase and the services provided by the company RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Research refers to a search for knowledge. It is a systematic way of collecting and recording the facts in the form of numerical data relevant to the formulated problems and arriving at certain conclusions over the problem based on collected data. Thus formulation of the problem is the first and foremost step in the research process followed by the collection, recording, tabulation, analysis and drawing the conclusions. The problem formulation starts with defining the problems or number of problems in the functional area. To detect the functional area and locate the exact problem is most important part of any research as the whole research is based on the problem. Research extends knowledge of human being, social life and environment. It unravels the mysteries of nature. It verifies and tests existing facts and theory and these help in improving our knowledge and ability to handle situation and events. The questionnaire method is closed-ended questionnaire. It is a structured ones with four alternative responses from which respondent can choose. They contain standardized answers and they are simple to administer and easy to compile and analyse. SAMPLING: Sampling is the selection of some of some part of an aggregate or totality on the basis of which a judgment or inference about the aggregate or totality is made. In briefly, â€Å"sample is a smaller representation of whole†. SAMPLE SIZE: 30 SAMPLE UNITS: Electrical Dealers at Bangalore (Chikpet, Balepet, B. V. K Iyengar Road, R. T. Street) SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION: Data serves as the basis or raw materials for analysis. The relevance, accuracy, adequacy and reliability of data determine the quality of the findings of the study. Data collection includes gathering the relevant information from different sources of data pertaining to the study under consideration. PRIMARY DATA: Primary date has been collected through:- I. OBSERVATION: – Here we have observed retailers About their purchasing behaviors . II. SURVEYS: – In Survey We have used Questionnaire Method, few Questionnaires have been asked to the Dealers. SECONDARY DATA: Secondary data was taken mainly from the internet and the URL are as follows:- I. www. havells. com II. www. wikipedia. com III. www. scribd. com IV. www. icra. com DURATION OF THE STUDY:- The study was carried out for a period of 20 days . DEALER SURVEY 1. Have you heard about Havells ? a. Yes b. No 2. Do you buy Havells product? a. Yes b. No If No why †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.? 3. How many different products of Havells you know? a. 1-2 b. 3-5 c. 6-8 d. 9-12 4. What are the Havells Modular Switches you are dealing with? a. Corel Range b. Pearlz Range c. Oro Range 5. What are the Havells CFL you are dealing with? a. Normal b, Spiral c. Higher Range d. T-5 6. What are the Copper Flexible Cables you deal with? a. Flat Cables b. Co-axial TV Cables c. Telephone Switch Board Cables d. Multi Core Round 7. What are the Havells IP you deal with? a. Industrial Switch Gears b. Meters c. Capacitors d. Motors 8. What are the Havells DP you deal with ? a. MCB b. RCCB c. DB 9. Which Havells Fans do customers prefer the most ? a. Ceiling Fans b. Table Fans c. Wall mounted d. Exhaust Fans 10. How Effective are the promotional activities of Havells ? a. Very Good b. Good c. Average d. Poor e. Very Bad 11. What are the other brands they are dealing with ? a. IP †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . .. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ b. DP †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. c. Switches †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. d. Fans †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. e. CFL †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. f. Wires †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. g. Cables †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. h. Geysers †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. i. Motors †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. j. Professional Luminous †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. k. Consumer Luminous †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12. Which Range is highest sold in your counter ? a. Lights b. Fans c. Industrial Circuit Protection d. Building CP 13. How do you rate Havells Sales staff support ? a. Very Good b. Good. c. Average d. Poor. e. Very Bad 4. What type of products do you want to sell ? a. Quality Products b. Guarantee Products c. Less Price Products d. Good Service Products 15. Which Company Products you buy the most ? a. Philips b. Havells c. Anchor d. Crompton Greaves 16. Do you get enquiry for our products from customers ? a. Yes b. No 17. What is the proportionate ratio of Havells sales in your counter with respect to other brands you deal ? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18. How do you rate Havells in dealing with commercial terms? a. Very Good b. Good c. Average d. Poor 19. How do you rate the after sale service of Havells company ? . Very Good b. Good c. Average d . Poor 20. How Satisfied are you with Havells ? a. Strongly satisfied b. Satisfied c. Dissatisfied SUGGESTIONS :- Data Analysis and Interpretation 1. Have you heard abo ut Havells? The Dealers have heard about Havells 2. Do you buy Havells product? All the Dealers buy Havells product (Since Dealers survey was restricted to the Dealers who buy Havells product) 3. How many different products of Havells you buy ? INTERPRETATION: Most of Dealers buy products in the range of 3-5, which includes Lights, Circuit Protection and Switches and Fans 4. What are the Havells Modular Switches you are dealing with? Coral Range5 Pearlz Range2 Oro Range1 INTERPRETATION: Most of the Dealers deal with Coral switches, few with Pearlz 5. What are the Havells CFL you are dealing with? Normal8 Spiral4 Higher Range2 T-2 Spiral3 G 24 Base1 INTERPRETATION : Normal Range CFL is highest sold in there counter when compared to other range of CFL’S 6. What are the Copper Flexible Cables you deal with ? Flat CablesNil Coaxial1 Telephone Switch boardNil Multi Core Round2 INTERPRETATION : Polycab and Finolex rule the market in Multic core round and Coaxial cables . What are the Havells IP you deal with ? Industrial Switch Gears8 Meters3 Capacitors2 Motors2 INTERPRETATION : In Industrial Circuit Protection , Most of the Dealers deal with Industrial Switch Gears and rest of them have equal share 8. What are the Havells DP you deal with ? MCB8 RCCB8 DB2 9. Which Havells Fans do customes prefer the most ? Ceiling Fans7 Table Fans7 Wall Mounted7 Exhaus t Fans4 10. How Effective are the promotional activities of Havells ? Very Good2 Good16 Average2 PoorNIL 11. What are the other brands they are dealing with other than Havells ? a. IP b. DP c. Switches d. Fans e. CFL f. Wires h. Geysers 12. Which Range is highest sold in your counter ? Lights4 Fans7 Industrial Circuit Protection4 Building CP3 13. How do you rate Havells Sales staff support ? Very GoodNil Good7 Average6 Poor4 14. What type of products do you want to sell ? Quality Products12 Guarantee Products10 Less Price5 Good Service Products10 INTERPRETATION : Most the Dealers want to purchase Quality and Guaranteed Products 15. Which Company Products you buy the most ? 16. Do you get enquiry for our products from customers ? Yes30 No3 17. What is the proportionate ratio of Havells sales in your counter with respect to other brands you deal with? 18. How do you rate Havells in dealing with commercial terms? Very GoodNil Good10 Average6 Poor5 19. How do you rate the after sale service of Havells company? Very GoodNil Good11 Average7 Poor8 20. How Satisfied are you with Havells? Strongly SatisfiedNil Satisfied15 Dissatisfied2 FINDINGS 1. More than 70% of the Dealers are selling Havells products 2. 80% of the Dealers think that the price of the Havells is higher when compared to other company. 3. 0 % of the Dealers are satisfied with Havells and 20% are dissatisfied. 4. 60% of the Dealers told that the sales of Havells increased from before. 5. Out of all categories of Havells Products MCB is the highest selling in most of the stores. 6. 60% of the Dealers told that they will prefer selling Havells because customers are demanding it more. 7. 70% of the Dealers are satisfied with the delivery services the Havells but 20 % of the Dealers are not satisfied with the delivery services. 8. Replacement of Havells Products when compared to other company products takes longer duration.

Poverty And Its Effects On The Society - 1777 Words

Poverty is an inherent adjective that must be associated with socialism. There has always been a desire to extinguish poverty and craft an equal and fraternal society in the socialist agenda (Luxemburgo, 1976). Unfortunately, with the idea of nationalized equality and the eradication of the social evil that poverty represents, the proponents of this social system have sought to abolish consumerism and the flow of goods that citizens experience by extinguishing consumption and limiting resources (Miller, 2001). The overarching principle of this abrupt extinction is the corruption summoned by materialism. Since the bourgeoisie is inherently greedy and corrupt, and the proletariat is inherently defenseless against the unsolicited class distinction, the necessary solution is the elimination of the consumer culture and the establishment of an impoverished society that permits the liberation of the oppressed and the annulment of the oppressor. As R. Luxemburg stated in one of her writings, the emancipation of the populace must be aided by the clergy, for they hold the faith as the dearest thing and hope to see the citizens understand the fraternal and equal love found in socialism (Luxemburgo, 1976). Is in this exact location, where the laity meets the new social order, that the church comes in. However, the socialist aspiration for the religious institutions to be joint with the government never comes to fruition. The clerics exhort the proletariat to abstain from fighting,Show MoreRelatedPoverty and Its Effect on Society1421 Words   |  6 PagesPOVERTY AND ITS EFFECT ON SOCIETY Poverty and its Effect on Society Le’Quisha Davis SOC 100 – Introduction to Sociology Professor Lisa Riggleman-Gross January 29, 2012 Abstract The United States has one of the strongest economies in the world. Even in light of recent events such as the economic collapse and recession, the U.S. reported a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of $47,200 per capita in 2010 (estimated). The U.S. has maintained its status as the largestRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On Society1557 Words   |  7 Pagesfactor is poverty; which is arguably the most far-reaching, long-standing cause of chronic suffering there is. Poverty is a severely embedded wound that infiltrates every aspect of culture and society. It may include a lack of services for education, health care, stores and governmental structures; Thus leading to a depletion of communal facilities like water, sanitation, transportation, roads, and communication. There’s been former disputes regarding the morality of chronic widespread poverty and whatRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On Society1566 Words   |  7 Pages Poverty is about not having enough money to meet basic nee ds including food, clothing and shelter. However poverty is more than not just having money. In addition to a lack of money, poverty is about not being able to participate in recreational activities; Not being able to send children on a day trip with classmates or to a birthday party, and not being able to pay for medications in times of illness. The poorest people will also have less access to health, education and other vital services.Read MorePoverty And Its Effects On Society1521 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty is one of the concepts that are created through corruption. Poverty is defined as a situation in which a person s income is inadequate to provide the necessities of life. This is apparent through the work of slaves as they mine diamonds without pay. They are threatened and forced to mine diamonds or else they will be killed or harmed in other ways. The companies such as Van De Kaap are exploiting workers as they are able to mine diamonds through free labour. Solomon Va ndy, one of theRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On Society1352 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty is a current social problem that is relevant to American society. Being an impoverished individual in this society places the individual and his or her family at a major disadvantage. According to the United States Census Bureau, 45.3 million American citizens lived in poverty in 2013. Poverty has an impact on society as well as the individual. Higher rates of poverty could lead to higher criminal activity. Individuals who are not sufficiently financially supported will most likely turn toRead MorePoverty And The Effect On Our Society1694 Words   |  7 Pages Poverty and the effect it has on our society, and our students are an uncomfortable topic for some people to approach. We as a culture sometimes like to assume that this is an unfortunate phenomenon that occurs outside of the United States, far removed from our first world resources. In reality we are surrounded by poverty, wether or not we realize that truth is determined by our perception of others around us. In the book â€Å"Teaching with Poverty in Mind† by Eric Jensen, we are forced to learn aboutRead MoreThe Effects Of Childhood Poverty On The Community And Society Essay2484 Words   |  10 Pages This paper will be introducing and discussing child poverty. The focus will be on the ongoing problem of child poverty within developed countries and the negative consequence of child poverty including its impacts on economic and social chances for those in poverty. I will be seeking to determine the negative effects of childhood poverty on the individual, whether that be an immediate effect, a lasting long-term effect, or something that does not show up until later on in life. Secondly IRead MoreDetermining The Main Cause Of Criminal Behavior1569 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment? Crime can be defined in many different ways; different societies all over the world choose to define crimes different ly. Poverty and crime have a very close relationship. The UN and the / World Bank have crime listed as one of the obstacles to tackle a country’s development. Countries and governments that are dealing with poverty often also have to tackle the issue of crime as they try to develop their country’s economy and society. A particular social problem like those categorized as economicRead MorePoverty As A Social Problem1739 Words   |  7 Pages Poverty as a Social Problem Magdalena Brania Mrs. Kropf May 27, 2015 Poverty is inscribed in the history of the world, but it is not inherent fate of every human being. It is also not related to the human nature, which does not mean that it can not be due to its nature. All communities experience it, with a greater or lesser extent way causing psychological and sociological conflicts. Society who have to deal with poverty is not only from undeveloped countries, but also developedRead MoreThe Effect of Poverty on Childrens Lives1172 Words   |  5 Pages‘Poverty is not just a disadvantaged and insecure economic condition, it is also understood in terms of how people in poverty interact with the wider society’. (Combat Poverty Agency, 2008, p3). Lack of money results in people not being able to adapt to the norm and socialise with others which has a huge effect how people are treated in their everyday life. This leads to isolation, shame and unacceptable living conditions which has a huge impact on the child’s life. (Combat Povert y Agency, 2008)

Vlsi design and embedded systems - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6255 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Motivation Phase locked loop (PLL) [1-3] is the heart of the many modern electronics as well as communication system. Recently plenty of the researches have conducted on the design of phase locked loop (PLL) circuit and still research is going on this topic. Most of the researches have conducted to realize a higher lock range PLL with lesser lock time [4] and have tolerable phase noise. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Vlsi design and embedded systems" essay for you Create order The most versatile application of the phase locked loops (PLL) is for clock generation and clock recovery in microprocessor, networking, communication systems, and frequency synthesizers. Phase locked-loops (PLLs) are commonly used to generate well-timed on-chip clocks in high-performance digital systems. Modern wireless communication systems employ Phase Locked Loop (PLL) mainly for synchronization, clock synthesis, skew and jitter reduction [5]. Phase locked loops find wide application in several modern applications mostly in advance communication and instrumentation systems. PLL being a mixed signal circuit involves design challenge at high frequency. Since its inspection in early 1930s, where it was used in the synchronization of the horizontal and vertical scans of television, it has come to an advanced form of integrated circuit (IC). Today found uses in many other applications. The first PLL ICs were available around 1965; it was built using purely analog component. Recent advances in integrated circuit design techniques have led to the development of high performance PLL which has become more economical and reliable. Now a whole PLL circuit can be integrated as a part of a larger circuit on a single chip. There are mainly five blocks in a PLL. These are phase frequency detector (PFD), charge pump (CP), low pass loop filter (LPF), voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and frequency divider. Presently almost all communication and electronics devices operate at a higher frequency, so for that purpose we need a faster locking PLL. So there are a lot of challenges in designing the mentioned different blocks of the PLL to operate at a higher frequency. And these challenges motivated me towards this research topic. In this work mainly the faster locking of the PLL is concentrated by properly choosing the circuit architectures and parameters. The optimization of the VCO circuit is also carried out in this work to get a better frequency precision. 1.2 Organization of Thesis Before going into the details of the PLL, the motivation behind this work is mentioned in the Chapter 1 of the thesis. Chapter 2 briefly describes the whole PLL system. An introduction to the PLL circuit is mentioned in the section 2.1. Section 2.2 contains the detail architecture of the whole PLL system. Different types of PLLs are mentioned in the section 2.3. Section 2.4 explains the basic terms used in the PLL system while the consecutive sections give the details about the noise and application of the PLL. Chapter 3 builds the concepts of optimization. Definition of optimization technique and different circuit optimization techniques are presented in section 3.1 and 3.2 respectively. Section 3.3 gives the brief outline of the concept of geometric programming and convex optimization. The optimization of the CSVCO circuit is explained in section 3.4. The design and synthesis of the PLL is described in Chapter 4. The different design environments used in this work is mentioned in the section 4.1. The adopted design procedure is explained in section 4.2. Section 4.3 gives the design specifications and parameters of the work. The simulation results of the different circuits used in the PLL are depicted in the different sections of the Chapter 5. The performance of the CSVCO designed using convex optimization is compared with that of the traditional method in section 5.3. Section 5.5 gives the different simulation results of the PLL and its performance comparison between schematic and post layout level. At last Chapter 6 provides the conclusion that inferred from the work. CHAPTER 2 PHASE LOCKED LOOP 2.1 Introduction A PLL is a closed-loop feedback system that sets fixed phase relationship between its output clock phase and the phase of a reference clock. A PLL is capable of tracking the phase changes that falls in this bandwidth of the PLL. A PLL also multiplies a low-frequency reference clock CKref to produce a high-frequency clock CKout this is known as clock synthesis. A PLL has a negative feedback control system circuit. The main objective of a PLL is to generate a signal in which the phase is the same as the phase of a reference signal. This is achieved after many iterations of comparison of the reference and feedback signals. In this lock mode the phase of the reference and feedback signal is zero. After this, the PLL continues to compare the two signals but since they are in lock mode, the PLL output is constant. The basic block diagram of the PLL is shown in the Figure 2.1. In general a PLL consists of five main blocks: Phase Detector or Phase Frequency Detector (PD or PFD) Charge Pump (CP) Low Pass Filter (LPF) Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) Divide by N Counter The Phase frequency Detector (PFD) is one of the main parts in PLL circuits. It compares the phase and frequency difference between the reference clock and the feedback clock. Depending upon the phase and frequency deviation, it generates two output signals UP and DOWN. The Charge Pump (CP) circuit is used in the PLL to combine both the outputs of the PFD and give a single output. The output of the CP circuit is fed to a Low Pass Filter (LPF) to generate a DC control voltage. The phase and frequency of the Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) output depends on the generated DC control voltage. If the PFD generates an UP signal, the error voltage at the output of LPF increases which in turn increase the VCO output signal frequency. On the contrary, if a DOWN signal is generated, the VCO output signal frequency decreases. The output of the VCO is then fed back to the PFD in order to recalculate the phase difference, and then we can create closed loop frequency control system. 2.2 PLL Architecture The architecture of a charge-pump PLL is shown in Figure 2.2. A PLL comprises of several components. They are (1) phase or phase frequency detector, (2) charge pump, (3) loop filter, (4) voltage-controlled oscillator, and (5) frequency divider. The functioning of each block is briefly explained below. 2.2.1 PhaseFrequency Detector The Phase frequency Detector (PFD) is one of the main part in PLL circuits. It compares the phase and frequency difference between the reference clock and the feedback clock. Depending upon the phase and frequency deviation, it generates two output signals UP and DOWN. Figure 2.3 shows a traditional PFD circuit. If there is a phase difference between the two signals, it will generate UP or DOWN synchronized signals. When the reference clock rising edge leads the feedback input clock rising edge UP signal goes high while keeping DOWN signal low. On the other hand if the feedback input clock rising edge leads the reference clock rising edge DOWN signal goes high and UP signal goes low. Fast phase and frequency acquisition PFDs [6-7] are generally preferred over traditional PFD. 2.2.2ChargePump and Loop Filter Charge pump circuit is an important block of the whole PLL system. It converts the phase or frequency difference information into a voltage, used to tune the VCO. Charge pump circuit is used to combine both the outputs of the PFD and give a single output which is fed to the input of the filter. Charge pump circuit gives a constant current of value IPDI which should be insensitive to the supply voltage variation [8]. The amplitude of the current always remains same but the polarity changes which depend on the value of the UP and DOWN signal. The schematic diagram of the charge pump circuit with loop filter is shown in the Figure 2.4. When the UP signal goes high M2 transistor turns ON while M1 is OFF and the output current is IPDI with a positive polarity. When the down signal becomes high M1 transistor turns ON while M2 is OFF and the output current is IPDI with a negative polarity. The charge pump output current [3] is given by IPDI=IPUMPIPUMP4 =2IPUMP4 =IPUMP2 =KPDI (1) Where KPDI=IPUMP2 (amps/radian) (2) The passive low pass loop filter is used to convert back the charge pump current into the voltage. The filter should be as compact as possible [9].The output voltage of the loop filter controls the oscillation frequency of the VCO. The loop filter voltage will increase if Fref rising edge leads Fin rising edge and will decrease if Fin rising edge leads Fref rising edge. If the PLL is in locked state it maintains a constant value. The VCO input voltage is given by Vinvco = KF IPDI (3) Where KF is the gain of the loop filter. 2.2.3Voltage ControlledOscillator An oscillator is an autonomous system which generates a periodic output without any input. The most popular type of the VCO circuit is the current starved voltage controlled oscillator (CSVCO). Here the number of inverter stages is fixed with 5. The simplified view of a single stage current starved oscillator is shown in the Figure 2.5. Transistors M2 and M3 operate as an inverter while M1 and M4 operate as current sources. The current sources, Ml and M4, limit the current available to the inverter, M2 and M3; in other words, the inverter is starved for current. The desired center frequency of the designed circuit is 1GHz with a supply of 1.8V. The CSVCO is designed both in usual manner as mentioned in [3], [10, 11]. The general circuit diagram of the current starved voltage controlled oscillator is shown in the Figure 2.6. To determine the design equations for the CSVCO, consider the simplified view of VCO in Figure 2.5. The total capacitance on the drains of M2 and M3 is given by Ctot=52Cox(LpWp+LnWn) (4) The time it takes to charge Ctot from zero to VSP with the constant current ID4 is given by t1=VSPID4Ctot (5) While the time it takes to discharge Ctot from VDD to VSP is given by t1=VDD-VSPID1Ctot (6) If we set ID4= ID1=ID then the sum of t1 and t2 is given by t1+t2=VDDIDCtot (7) The oscillation frequency of CSVCO for N number of stage is fosc=1Nt1+t2=IDNCtotVDD (8) This is equal to fcenter when Vinvco=VDD2 (9) The gain of the VCO is given by KVCO=fmax-fminVmax-Vmin HzV (10) 2.2.4 FrequencyDivider The output of the VCO is fed back to the input of PFD through the frequency divider circuit. The frequency divider in the PLL circuit forms a closed loop. It scales down the frequency of the VCO output signal. A simple D flip flop (DFF) acts as a frequency divider circuit. The schematic of a simple DFF based divide by 2 frequency divider circuit is shown in the Figure 2.7. 2.3 Types of PLL There are mainly 4 types of PLL are available. They are . Liner PLL Digital PLL All Digital PLL Soft PLL 2.4 Terms in PLL 2.4.1 Lock in Range Once the PLL is in lock state what is the range of frequencies for which it can keep itself locked is called as lock in range. This is also called as tracking range or holding range. 2.4.2 Capture Range When the PLL is initially not in lock, what frequency range can make PLL lock is called as capture range. This is also known as acquisition range. This is directly proportional to the LPF bandwidth. Reduction in the loop filter bandwidth thus improves the rejection of the out of band signals, but at the same time the capture range decreases, pull in time becomes larger and phase margin becomes poor. 2.4.3 Pull in Time The total time taken by the PLL to capture the signal (or to establish the lock) is called as Pull in Time of PLL. It is also called as Acquisition Time of PLL. 2.4.4 Bandwidth of PLL Bandwidth is the frequency at which the PLL begins to lose the lock with reference. 2.5 Noises in PLL The output of the practical system deviates from the desired response. This is because of the imperfections and noises in the system. The supply noise also affects the output noise of the PLL system [12]. There are mainly 4 types of noises. They are explained below. 2.5.1 Phase Noise The phase fluctuation due to the random frequency variation of a signal is called as phase noise. This is mostly affected by oscillators frequency stability. The main sources of the phase noise in PLL are oscillator noise [12-15], PFD and frequency divider circuit. The main components of the phase noise are thermal and flicker noise. 2.5.2 Jitter A jitter is the short term-term variations of a signal with respect to its ideal position in time [16-19]. This problem negatively impacts the data transmission quality. Jitter and phase noise are closely related and can be computed one from another [18]. Deviation from the ideal position can occur on either leading edge or trailing edge of signal. Jitter may be induced and coupled onto a clock signal from several different sources and is not uniform over all frequencies. Excessive jitter can increase bit error rate (BER) of communication signal [19]. In digital system Jitter leads to violation in time margins, causing circuits to behave improperly. 2.5.3 Spur Non-desired frequency content not related to the frequency of oscillation and its harmonics is called as Spur. There are mainly two types of spur. They are reference spur and fractional spur. Reference spur comes into picture in an integer PLL while fractional spur plays a major role in fractional PLL. When the PLL is in lock state the phase and frequency inputs to the PFD are essentially equal. There should not be any error output from the PFD. Since this can create problem, so the PFD is designed such that, in the locked state the current pulses from the CP will have a very narrow width as shown in the Figure 2.9. Because of this the input control voltage of the VCO is modulated by the reference signal and thus produces Reference Spur [20]. 2.5.4 Charge Pump Leakage Current When the CP output from the synthesizer is programmed to the high impedance state, in practice there should not be any current flow. But in practical some leakage current flows in the circuit and this is known as charge pump leakage current [20]. 2.6 Applications of PLL The demand of the PLL circuit increases day by day because of its wide application in the area of electronics, communication and instrumentation. The recent applications of the PLL circuits are in memories, microprocessors, hard disk drive electronics, RF and wireless transceivers, clock recovery circuits on microcontroller boards and optical fiber receivers. Some of the PLL applications are mentioned below. 1.FrequencySynthesis A frequency synthesizer is an electronic system for generating a range of frequencies from a single fixed time base or oscillator. 2.Clock Generation Many electronic systems include processors of various sorts that operate at hundreds of megahertz. Typically, the clocks supplied to these processors come from clock generator PLLs, which multiply a lower-frequency reference clock (usually 50 or 100 MHz) up to the operating frequency of the processor. The multiplication factor can be quite large in cases where the operating frequency is multiple GHz and the reference crystal is just tens or hundreds of megahertz. 3.Carrier Recovery (Clock Recovery) Some data streams, especially high-speed serial data streams (such as the raw stream of data from the magnetic head of a disk drive), are sent without an accompanying clock. The receiver generates a clock from an approximate frequency reference, and then phase-aligns to the transitions in the data stream with a PLL. This process is referred to as clock recovery. 4. SkewReduction This is one of the very popular and earliest uses of PLL. Suppose synchronous pair of data and clock lines enter a large digital chip. Since clock typically drives a large number of transistors and logic interconnects, it is first applied to large buffer. Thus, the clock distributed on chip may suffer from substantial skew with respect to data. This is an undesirable effect which reduces the timing budget for on-chip operations. 5. Jitterand Noise Reduction One desirable property of all PLLs is that the reference and feedback clock edges be brought into very close alignment. The average difference in time between the phases of the two signals when the PLL has achieved lock is called the static phase offset. The variance between these phases is called tracking jitter. Ideally, the static phase offset should be zero, and the tracking jitter should be as low as possible. CHAPTER 3 CONVEX OPTIMIZATION OF VCO IN PLL 3.1 What is an optimization technique? Optimization technique is nothing but the finding of the action that optimizes i.e. minimizes or maximizes the result of the objective function. Optimization technique is applied to the circuits aiming at finding out the optimized circuit design parameter to achieve either the best performance or the desired performance. Optimization techniques are a set of most powerful tools that are used in efficiently handling the design resources and there by achieve the best result. Mainly optimization techniques are applied to the circuit for the selection of the component values, devices sizes, and value of the voltage or current source. 3.2 Types of circuit optimization method There are mainly four types of circuit optimization methods exist. They are Classical optimization Knowledge based optimization Global optimization method Convex optimization and geometric programming 3.2.1 Classical Optimization Methods: In case of analog circuit CAD, classical optimization methods [21], such as steepest descent, sequential quadratic programming, and Lagrange multiplier methods are mainly used. These methods are used with more complicated circuit models, including even full SPICE simulations in each iteration. This method can handle a wide variety of problem. For this there is a need of a set of performance measures and computation of one or more derivatives. The main disadvantage of the classical optimization methods is that the global optimal solution is not possible. This method fails to find a feasible design even one exist. This method gives only the local minima instead of global solution. Since many different initial designs are considered to get the global optimization, the method becomes slower. Because of the human intervention (to give good initial designs), the method becomes less automated. The classical methods become slow if complex models are used. 3.2.2 Knowledge-Based Methods: Knowledge-based and expert-systems methods such as genetic algorithm or evolution systems, systems based on Fuzzy logic, and heuristics-based systems have also been widely used in analog circuit CAD [21]. In case of knowledge based methods, there are few limitations on the types of problems, specifications, and performance measures that are to be considered. These methods do not require the computation of the derivatives. This is not possible to find a global optimal design solution using these methods. The final design is decided on the basis of the initial design chosen and the algorithm parameters. The disadvantage of the knowledge based methods is that they simply fail to find a feasible solution even when one may exist. There is a need of human intervention during the design and the training process. 3.2.3 Global Optimization Methods: Global optimization methods such as branch and bound and simulated annealing are also used in analog circuit design [21]. These methods are guaranteed to find the global optimal design solution. The global optimal design is determined by the branch and bound methods unambiguously. In each iteration, a suboptimal feasible design and also a lower bound on the achievable performance is maintained by this method. This enables the algorithm to terminate non-heuristically, i.e., with complete confidence that the global design has been found within a given tolerance. The branch and bound method is extremely slow, with computation growing exponentially with problem size. The trapping in a locally optimal design can be avoided by using simulated annealing (SA). This method can compute the global optimal solution but not guaranteed. Since there is no real-time lower bound is available, so termination is heuristic. This method can also handle a wide variety of performance indices and objects. T he main advantage of SA is that it handles the continuous variables and discrete variables problems efficiently and reduces the chances of getting a non-globally optimal design. The only problem with this method is that it is very slow and can not guarantee a global optimal solution. 3.2.4 Convex Optimization and Geometric Programming Methods: Geometric programming methods are special optimization problems in which the objective and constraint functions are all convex [22-24]. Convex optimization technique can solve the problems having a large number of variables and constraints very efficiently [22]. The main advantage of this method for which people generally adopt is that the method gives the global solution. Infeasibility is unambiguously detected. Since a lower bound on the achievable performance is given, so the method uses a completely non- heuristic stopping criterion. 3.3 Geometric programming and convex optimization Geometric programming is a special type of optimization technique in which all the objective must be convex. Before applying this technique it has to confirm that whether the given problem is convex optimization problem or not. Convex optimization problem means the problem of minimizing a convex function subject to convex inequality constraints and linear equality constraints. In IC integration convex optimization and geometric programming has become a more efficient computational tool for optimization purpose. This method has an ability to handle thousands of variables and constraints and solve efficiently. The main advantage of convex optimization technique is that it gives the global optimized value and the robust design. The fact that geometric programs can be solved very efficiently has a number of practical consequences. For example, the method can be used to simultaneously optimize the design of a large number of circuits in a single large mixed-mode integrated circuit. The de signs of the individual circuits are coupled by constraints on total power and area, and by various parameters that affect the circuit coupling such as input capacitance, output resistance, etc. Convex optimization is used to find out the optimized value of these parameter and sizing of the devices in the circuit [25]. Another application is to use the efficiency to obtain robust designs i.e., designs that are guaranteed to meet a set of specifications over a variety of processes or technology parameter values. This is done by simply replicating the specifications with a (possibly large) number of representative process parameters, which is practical only because geometric programs with thousands of constraints are readily solved. A real valued function fx defined on an interval (space) is called convex if ftx1+1-tx2tfx1+1-tfx2 (11) For every t,0t1 and x1x2 In the Figure 3.1 function fx is represented as a convex function on an interval. The convex optimization problem is in the form of minimize f0x Subjected to fix1 , i=1, 2, 3, m gix=1 , i=1, 2, 3, p xi1 , i=1, 2, 3, n Where fix is a posynomial function gix is a monomial function Let x1,x2xn be n real positive variables. We can denote the vector (xi,xi.xi) of these variables asx. A function f is called a posynomial function of x if it has the form fix1,x2xn=k=1tCkx11kx22k..xnnk (12) Where Cj0 and ij R. The coefficients Cj must be nonnegative but the exponents ij can be any real numbers including negative or fractional. When there is exactly one nonzero term in the sum i.e. t=1 and C10, we call f is a monomial function. 3.3.1 Advantages: Handle thousands of variables and constraints and solve efficiently. Global optimization can be obtained. 3.3.2 Disadvantages: * Strictly limited to types of problems, performance specification and objectives that can be handled. 3.4 Optimization of the VCO circuit In my earlier design of the VCO circuit, the sizes of all the five inverter stages are same. Now the convex optimization technique is applied to find out the optimal scaling ratio of the different inverter stages to get the optimal design with a better performance. There are 5 inverter stages and the design has to give a delay of 100ps. The load capacitance of the VCO circuit is 65 fF. All these design constraints are formulated and applied to the convex optimization technique. Mainly optimization techniques are applied for selection of component values and transistor sizing. In this work I have used the geometric programming technique to find out the optimized scaling ratio of the different stages in CSVCO to meet the desired center frequency with lesser deviation. Let xi is the scaling ration of the ith stage, CL is the load capacitance, and D is the total delay of the inverter stages then optimization problem is in the form of Minimize sum (xi) Subjected to CLCLmax DDmax Where CLmax and Dmax are required design parameters and has a constant value. CHAPTER 4 DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF PLL 4.1 Design Environment The schematic level design entry of the circuits is carried out in the CADENCE Virtuoso Analog Design Environment. The layout of the PLL is designed in Virtuoso XL using GPDK090 library. In order to analyze the performances, these circuits are simulated in the Spectre simulator of CADENCE tool. Different performance indices such as phase noise, power consumption and lock time are measured in this environment. Transient, parametric sweep and phase noise analyses are carried out in this work to find out the performances of the circuit. The optimization of the current starved VCO circuit, the scale factor for transistor sizing is found out using the MATLAB environment. 4.2 Design Procedure 4.2.1 VCO Design Since VCO is the heart of the whole PLL system, it should be designed in a proper manner. The design steps for the current starved VCO are as follows. Step 1 Find the value of the propagation delay for each stage of the inverter in the VCO circuit using the following equation. p=1Nf (13) Where p= phl= plh= half of the propagation delay time of the inverter N= no of inverter stages f= required center frequency of oscillation Step 2 Find the WL ratio for the transistors in the different inverter stages using the equation in below. WL n=CloadphlnCoxVdd-VT,n2VT,nVdd-VT,n+ln4Vdd-VT,nVdd-1 (14) WL p=CloadplhpCoxVdd-VT,p2VT,pVdd-VT,p+ln4Vdd-VT,pVdd-1 (15) Step 3 After finding the WL ratio, find the values for W and L. Step 4 Find the value of the total capacitance form the expression Ctot=52Cox(LpWp+LnWn) (16) Where Cox is the oxide capacitance Lp,Wp,Ln,Wn is the width and length of the PMOS and NMOS transistors in the inverter stages. Step 5 Calculate the value of drain current for the center frequency which is given by IDcenter=NCtotVddf (17) Step 6 Find the WL ratio for the current starving transistors in the circuit from the drain current expression which is represented as WL n=2IDcenternCoxVgs-VT,n2 (18) Similarly WL p=2.5WL n (19) 4.2.2 Design of Phase Locked Loop The value of the charge pump current and the component parameters of the loop filter play a major role in the design of the phase locked loop circuit. The value of the lock time mainly depends upon these parameters. So while designing the circuit proper care should be taken in calculating these parameters. For the given values of reference(Fref) and output frequency(Fout) as well as the lock in range, the following steps to be carried out in designing the filter circuit. Step 1 Find the value of the divider circuit to be used which is given by n=FoutFref (20) Step 2 Find the value of the natural frequency (n) from the lock in range as given below lock in range=2n (21) Step 3 Find the value of the charge pump gain (KPDI) from the charge pump current used in the circuit which is given by KPDI=Ipump2 (Amps/radian) (22) Step 4 Find the value of the gain of the VCO (Kvco) circuit from the characteristics curve using the following expression. Kvco=fmax-fminVmax-Vmin (Hz/V) (23) Step 5 Find the values of the loop filter component parameters using the following expressions. C1=KPDIKvcoNn2 (24) C2=C110 (25) R=2nC1 (26) 4.3 Design Specifications and Parameters 4.3.1 VCO Design Specification The current starved VCO design specifications are mentioned in the following table. Parameter Value Center frequency 1GHz No. of inverter stage 5 Inverter delay 100ps Load capacitance 65fF Supply voltage 1.8V Table 1 VCO design specifications 4.3.2 VCO Design Parameters Parameter Value Width of Current starved PMOS(WPCS) 2.33m Width of Current Starved NMOS(WnCS) 140nm Width of PMOS in Inverter(WP) 2.44m Width of NMOS in Inverter(Wn) 150nm LPCS = LnCS = LP = Ln = L 100nm Table 2 List of design parameters of the CSVCO circuit 4.3.3 PLL Design Parameters The whole PLL system design specifications and parameters are shown in the Table 3. Parameter Value Reference frequency((Fref) 500 MHz output frequency(Fout) 1 GHz Lock in range 100 MHz Supply voltage 1.8 V Divider circuit By 2 Charge pump current(Ipump) 600 A Capacitor (C1) 15 pF Capacitor (C2) 1.5 pF Resistor (R) 1.384 K Table 3 PLL design specifications and parameters CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION 5.1 Phase Frequency Detector The Pass Transistor DFF PFD circuit is shown in Figure 5.1. The PFD is same as to a dynamic two-phase master-slave pass-transistor flip-flop. The clock skew is minimized by using single edge clocks. In this design synchronous reset is used for master while asynchronous reset is used for slave. i.e., the reset is allowed only when the slave latch is transparent. The operating range of the design is increased with the help of synchronous resetting and also the power consumption is reduced compared to the traditional PFD. If the master latch is reset while it is transparent, then there will be significant short-circuit current will produce, resulting in more power. The output of the PFD when Fref signal rising edge leads Fin signal rising edge and vice versa is shown in the Figure 5.2 and Figure 5.3 respectively. 5.2 Charge Pump and Loop Filter When the reference signal clock edge leads the feedback clock edge, the UP signal of the PFD goes high. So to make both the clock have rising edge at the same time the VCO output signal frequency has to be increased. For this purpose an increase in control voltage is needed from the output of charge pump and loop filter circuit. The simulation result which is shown in the Figure 5.4 below gives an increase in the control voltage at the output of the loop filter circuit. From the Figure 5.4 its clear that the control voltage increases for a period during which the UP signal of the PFD remains high. In the other case a decrease in the control voltage is produced at the output of the filter circuit which is shown in the Figure 5.5. When the rising of feedback signal leads the reference signal rising edge the control voltage decreases for the period during which the DOWN signal of the PFD remains high. 5.3 Voltage Controlled Oscillator 5.3.1 Result using traditional method The heart of the PLL circuit is the voltage controlled oscillator. The circuit is designed to give a center frequency of oscillation of 1 GHz. The frequency of oscillation of the output signal for the different input control voltage is mentioned in the Table 4. The center frequency of oscillation at an input control voltage of VDD/2 is 1.012 GHz. The output signal of the VCO at a control voltage of VDD/2 is shown in the Figure 5.6. Control Voltage (VC)(in volt) Frequency of Oscillation (f) (in MHz) 0.103 24.415 0.154 50.929 0.206 91.05 0.257 139.32 0.309 188.179 0.36 234.277 0.411 282.125 0.463 342.256 0.514 412.889 0.566 489.48 0.617 569.178 0.669 650.037 0.720 731.72 0.771 812.946 0.823 893.63 0.874 973.461 Control Voltage Frequency of Oscillation 0.926 1051.851 0.977 1128.02 1.03 1200.67 1.08 1271.818 1.13 1338.398 1.18 1401.32 1.23 1460.798 1.29 1517.121 1.34 1570.371 1.39 1620.798 1.44 1668.416 1.49 1713.913 1.54 1757.073 1.59 1798.081 1.65 1836.986 1.7 1873.865 1.75 1909.109 1.8 1943.021 Table 4 Oscillating frequency of the VCO output signal for different control voltage The VCO characteristics curve is shown in the Figure 5.7. The X-axis of the curve represents the input control voltage while the Y-axis represents the corresponding frequency of oscillation. The gain of the CSVCO circuit is 1.531 GHz/V. The phase noise of the VCO in the schematic level is found to be -82.87 dBc/Hz. The phase noise plot for schematic level is shown in the Figure 5.8. The layout of the 5 stage current starved VCO is shown in the Figure 5.9. The schematic and post layout level simulation results are compared in the Table 5. Parameter Schematic Result Post-Layout Result Frequency(f) 1.012 GHz 1.00256 GHz Frequency Deviation(f) 12 MHz 2.56 MHz Power(P) 432.456 W 480.63 W Phase Noise @1MHz offset -82.7 dBc/Hz -84.88 dBc/Hz Table 5 Comparison of schematic and post layout level simulation results 5.3.2 Result using convex optimization method Using convex optimization method the scaling ratio is found out to satisfy the center frequency of oscillation (i.e. delay of the circuit) from the MATLAB environment. The scaling ratio for different stages of the inverter in the VCO is 1,1,1,1 and 1.4058. The scaling ratio result is shown in the Figure 5.10. Now the transistor sizes are modified according to the scaling ratio. Since the scaling factor of all the stages are 1 except 5th stage, so the transistor sizing of the 5th stage has only changed to get the better frequency precision. The sizes of the transistors of CSVCO optimized using convex optimization technique are listed out in the Table 6. Before optimization the centre frequency of the oscillation is found out 1.012GHz. And after applying the convex optimization and geometric programming to this circuit, the centre frequency of oscillation is 1000.0457MHz. So the frequency deviation from its centre frequency is reduced to .00457% from 1.2%. The performance of CSVCO for both traditional and geometric programming is compared in the Table 7. The comparison of control voltage versus oscillating frequency characteristics of the CSVCO circuit is shown in the Figure 5.11. Stage Parameter value 1 WPCS WnCS WP Wn 2.33m 140nm 2.44m 150nm 2 WPCS WnCS WP Wn 2.33m 140nm 2.44m 150nm 3 WPCS WnCS WP Wn 2.33m 140nm 2.44m 150nm 4 WPCS WnCS WP Wn 2.33m 140nm 2.44m 150nm 5 WPCS WnCS WP Wn 3.28m 195nm 3.435m 215nm Table 6 Size of the transistors of CSVCO circuit after optimization Factor CSVCO using traditional method CSVCO using convex optimization method Frequency(f) 1.012GHz 1.0000457GHz Frequency Deviation(f) 12MHz 45.7KHz Power(P) 432.456W 539.65W Phase Noise @1MHz offset -82.7 dBc/Hz -82.6 dBc/Hz KVCO 1.531GHz/V 1.5926GHz/V Table 7 Performance comparison of CSVCO designed using traditional method and convex optimization 5.4 Frequency Divider The circuit diagram of a pass transistor based DFF frequency divider circuit is shown in the Figure 5.12. The circuit divides the frequency by a factor of 2. The simulation result of the divide by 2 circuits is shown in the Figure 5.13 5.5 Phase Locked Loop The output of the charge pump and loop filter circuit i.e. the control voltage will maintain a constant value when the references signal and feedback signal are in lock. The control voltage of PLL for the schematic level is shown in the Figure 5.14. From the Figure 5.14 its clear that the control maintains the constant value of 0.9 V at time 280.6 ns. So the lock time of PLL is 280.6 ns. The layout of the PLL is shown in the Figure 5.15. The most of the area of the PLL is consumed by the resistor and capacitor used in the filter network. Different signals like UP, DOWN, Control Voltage, reference signal and feedback input signal of the PLL in the lock state are shown in the Figure 5.16 and Figure 5.17 for schematic level and post layout level respectively. From the Figure 5.16 and 5.17 its clear that when the control voltage is constant, the reference signal and the feedback input signal are almost similar as their phase and frequency are approximately same. The phase noise analysis of the PLL is carried out both in the schematic as well as in the post layout level. The phase noise is found to be -86.21 dBc/Hz and -101.7 dBc/Hz in schematic and post layout level respectively. The phase noise variation of the PLL both in schematic and post layout level simulation are shown in the Figure 5.18 and 5.19 respectively. The performance comparison of the PLL both in schematic and post layout level simulation are mentioned in the Table 8. Parameter Result of Schematic Level Simulation Result of Post Layout Level Simulation Technology 90 nm 90 nm VDD 1.8 V 1.8 V Lock Time 280.6 ns 345.5 ns Frequency 1 GHz 1 GHz Maximum Power Consumption 11.9 mW 10.408 mW Phase Noise @ 1MHz offset -86.21 dBc/Hz -101.7 dBc/Hz Table 8 Performance comparison of PLL circuit CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK In this work a PLL with a better lock time is presented. The lock time of the PLL is found to be 280.6 ns. The PLL circuit consumes a power of 11.9 mW from a 1.8 V D.C. supply The lock time of the PLL mainly depends upon the type of PFD architecture used and the parameters of the charge pump and loop filter. So by properly choosing the PFD architecture and adjusting the charge pump current and the loop filter component values a better lock time can be achieved. The centre frequency of oscillation of the VCO depends upon the sizing of the transistors. The frequency deviation from the desired value can be reduced by properly choosing the transistor sizes. By applying the convex optimization technique with frequency of oscillation as the main objective function, the deviation of oscillation frequency is minimized to 0.00457% from 1.2%. Here the convex technique to find out the transistor sizing to meet only the desired frequency specification. The other constraints like area, power and phase noise can also be applied.

What do visual hallucinations tell us about the nature of...

What do visual hallucinations tell us about the nature of consciousness? The term ‘hallucination’ is difficult to define. There is a fine line between a ‘hallucination’ and an ‘illusion’. A hallucination differs from an illusion in that illusions are a product of misinterpretations of external stimuli whereas hallucinations need no such requirement making them an entirely internal process. A true hallucination can also be distinguished from a pseudo-hallucination in which the individual can recognise that what they’re seeing or hearing is not real. Hallucinations are also different from voluntary mental imagery, in that the thought has not uncontrollably forced itself onto our minds. Slade and Bentall (1988, cited in Blackmore, 2010)†¦show more content†¦The best way to induce hallucinations, or where they occur the most, is through sensory deprivation. Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is a common condition among people who have lost their sight in which they suffer visual hallucinations. Many studies ha ve looked at the syndrome in order to provide a better understanding of visual hallucinations. One study exhibited a 64-year-old blind woman suffering from complex visual hallucinations (McNamara, Heros, Boller, 1982). It was found that neurosurgical removal of a large suprasellar meningioma helped remove her hallucinatory experiences. Such a case study provides evidence that hallucinations are related to both a sensory deprivation and an impairment in CNS functioning. Another study claimed that, through looking at patients suffering from CBS, the hallucinations were due to an interruption in the visual association areas of the cerebral cortex. The researchers suggested that hallucinatory experiences could terminate on improving visual function or addressing social isolation (Menon, Rahman, Menon, Dutton, 2003). Deprivation of hearing can also induce hallucinations. Sometimes the deaf hear hallucinated sounds – they may even hear whole orchestras playing. Various case studies have demonstrated such a claim. Miller and Crosby (1979) found an 89-year-old woman experiencing the onset of musical hallucinations with longstanding progressive hearing loss. These hallucinations were well-formed perceptions of religiousShow MoreRelatedKing Lear Madness Essay1737 Words   |  7 PagesWhat defines madness? Is it a state of being that is derived from deterioration of the brain, or is it just extremely foolish behavior created by mayhem and chaos? Perhaps, it is a collaboration of the two, for without sane cognition the basis of irrationality would not be present, such is the case of King Lear. He is a man riddled with madness inside and out, yet through his state of frenzy and turmoil, Lear unveils unexpected guidance, validity, and enlightenment. It seems impossible for two opposingRead MoreEss ay on The Origin of Dreams3181 Words   |  13 Pagespeople you saw, the things you forgot to do. You think about what you will do tomorrow and the next day and next month and so on. Your breathing deepens and your heart rate slows. You realize you are no longer directing the pattern of your thoughts: they are moving off on a path of their own. But you are too tired to care. You drift to the edge of the world of sleep. After about 90 minutes of peaceful inactivity, your brain becomes extremely alert, but you do not awaken. You have entered the periodRead MoreEssay about A Singular Self-Identity3465 Words   |  14 Pagespresupposes all our experiences of consciousness. We all hold that this identity is ours alone. I speak of my experiences as experienced by me. I would seem to be talking nonsense , if I referred to myself in the plural or spoke of how the multiplicity of ‘me’s’ experienced an event. Although most will submit to the existence of levels of cons ciousness, we categorize those people who exhibit distinct personalities as non-ordinary. All popular theories of self-identity set about the task of proving a singularRead More The Role Of Dreams Essays2829 Words   |  12 Pagesreliable divination? Generations upon generations seem to have thought so. They incubated dreams by travelling afar, by fasting and by engaging in all other manners of self deprivation or intoxication. With the exception of this highly dubious role, dreams do seem to have three important functions: a. To process repressed emotions (wishes, in Freuds speech) and other mental content which was suppressed and stored in the unconscious. b. To order, classify and, generally, to pigeonhole conscious experiencesRead MoreModern era of Science and Technology1757 Words   |  8 Pagesuniversal from person to person. In light of the research around explanations of Near Death Experiences, it is clear that there is no consensus on what these experiences mean, yet the conversation is one that is relevant to every person. The desire behind discussing this topic is the root of every existential crisis, the answer to the question, â€Å"What happens when we die?† The discourse of afterlife ideas is one that has been around since the beginning of history, and it is one that is ever changingRead MoreBudhism and The Seven Chakras Essay2151 Words   |  9 Pagesthis earth that can connect us with the creator of this multiverse. Through thousands of years, and countless ancient tribal practices, there has been hidden from the majority of those who populate the Earth, a key which unlocks an experience like none other; lite rally transcending the confines of the human psyche as it is in our physical bodies. This door to another dimension is a substance known by scientific communities as Dimethyltryptamine, or simply, DMT. I- What is DMT? A. DimethyltryptamineRead MoreIntro to Psychology: Chapter Notes 1- 54753 Words   |  20 PagesOctober 22nd, 2012 Chapter 1- What is psychology? [pp. 1-23] LO1: Psychology as a Science (p. 4) * Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. * Seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes. * Theory * propose reason for relationships * derive explanations * make predictions LO2: What psychologists do (p. 5-6) * Research * pure Research * Applied Research * Practice * Teaching Read More Unconcious Dreaming Essay3051 Words   |  13 PagesUnconcious Dreaming There are many facts that are unknown about the mind. For centuries, philosophers and scientists have tried to understand how it works. We have learned that the mind has a number of different levels of processing. Before Sigmund Freud â€Å"nearly all the previous research and theorizing of psychologists had dealt with conscious, such as perception, memory, judgment, and learningâ€Å" (Hunt185). Freud brought forth a number of theories that dealt with â€Å"the unconscious and its crucialRead More Transcendence and Technology in William Gibsons Neuromancer3154 Words   |  13 PagesTranscendence and Technology in Neuromancer      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Where do we go from here? Case asks near the conclusion of William Gibsons novel Neuromancer (259). One answer suggested throughout most of the narrative is nowhere. True, geographically we are whisked around the urban centers of Earth in the near future, Chiba City, the Sprawl, Istanbul, and then to the orbital pleasure domes and corporate stronghold of Freeside and Straylight. The kind of movement to which I am referring is not overtlyRead MoreAp Psychology Review Packet12425 Words   |  50 Pageseyes lens changes shape to focus near or far images on the retina. 3.Acetylcholine:  neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning and memory. 4.Achievement Motivation:  desire for accomplishment. 5.Achievement Test:  an exam designed to test what a person has earned. 6.Acoustic Encoding:  encoding of sound, especially words. 7.Acquisition:  the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. 8.Action Potential:  a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels

Gatsby free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Pursuit Of The American Dream Essay, Research Paper Gatsby # 8217 ; s Pursuit of the American Dream The Great Gatsby is about the American Dream, and the diminution of people who attempt to make the dream like end. The effort to make the American dream is a common subject in many films that have been produced. This dream is different for different people, but in The Great Gatsby Jay believes that the beginning of felicity is money. Jay Gatsby is a character who fundamentally lives in the yesteryear. Through this movie he devotes most of his grownup life seeking to recapture it and, eventually, dies seeking to trail it. In the yesteryear, Jay had a love matter with the really rich and posh Daisy. He knew he could non get married her because of the difference in their societal position, so he left to go the image she desired. Once he eventually achieves this wealth, he moves across the lake from Daisy, and throws tremendous expensive parties, trusting by opportunity she might demo up at one of them. We will write a custom essay sample on Gatsby or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although he does non wish to go to his parties but tickers them from his window. When this dream doesn # 8217 ; t work, he asks around casually if anyone knows her. Soon he meets Nick Carraway, a cousin of Daisy, who sets up a meeting. Gatsby? s position of the American dream is one in which that he thinks that he can acquire anything that he wants. I think that this might be considered an extension of the American dream. Subsequently in the film when they go in the Hotel, Jay still thinks that Daisy loves him. You truly detect this when he takes the incrimination for killing the gas station proprietors married woman. He besides watches and protects Daisy when she is at place after the violent death. Jay can non acc ept the fact that the yesteryear is gone and done with. Jay is still certain that he can accomplish his dream with wealth and power. I think that Nick is the lone 1 that truly understands Jay through out the movie. The apprehension that dent has is that Jay has non become wealth and powerful for himself. His true dream was to go affluent, and to utilize it as a vehicle to acquire back Daisy. Gatsby does non halt at anything until his American Dream is fulfilled. However, it neer comes true, and he ends up paying the ultimate monetary value for it. The thought of the American Dream still remains true to this twenty-four hours. Everyone wants what they can non hold and some will endeavor to any lengths possible. Gatsby is a perfect illustration of this insane thrust for the American Dream. There is a ruin to the American dream and it is far from perfect. Society seems to interrupt up into separate societal groups over clip. Peoples of lower position ever think that their jobs can be solved if they gain adequate wealth to suit in with the upper crust. Many think the American Dream is a door to high societal position and when they reach this point they think that their concerns about money disappear. Money, power, and societal position are non the lone portion of the American dream. Jay Gatsby fails to make his concluding dream of love for Daisy so alternatively he follows a life of utmost wealth. My honest sentiment of the movies reading of the American Dream is exaggerated by utmost wealth. I think that the characters were disgusting in the manner that their behaviours were portrayed. However, I am positive that these same attitudes towards the lower category still occur everyday.

What Is The Best Alternative To Prison Essays - Penology

What Is The Best Alternative To Prison? ?The U.S. prison population has tripled since 1980 so that on any given day there are 1.5 million Americans behind bars.? (Alternatives 1). There is a clear overcrowding problem in todays prisons. Why? I believe that the population explosion in the prison system is due to the increasing moral decline of America. Prisons should keep dangerous criminals off the streets and keep others from committing a crime. (Prisons 1) One would think that being locked up is to be feared. But in today?s society, criminals simply do not care. ?Incarceration is not effective in crime reduction? (Alternatives 1). But what can be done to fix this ever growing epidemic? More prisons can always be constructed, right? Building more jails is expensive and does not solve the problem. (Prisons 1) So we must now search for plausible alternatives to incarceration. First of all, there is the option of only putting violent criminals in jail. Non-violent criminals could be put into work programs. (Prisons 2) They could spend their days cleaning and repairing America?s highways and national parks. This, in my opinion is an excellent idea! Yet we still have to deal with the violent criminals. There are some different options in punishing those individuals. ?Early release programs let prisoners out of jail before their sentence is complete. This promotes good behavior in prison and keeps the prison population lower. However, many released prisoners just commit another crime and are returned to jail? (Prisons 1). Early release seems as though it would work wonderfully, but alas falls short. I think that prisoners should not be released early, or at all for that matter. They should serve out their complete term. If parole were not an option, maybe someone would think twice before they pull the trigger. And for those who don?t take heed, they would be locked up where they belong. The last option is by far the best in my eyes. ?Before the abolition of slavery there was no real prison system in the United States. Punishment for crime consisted of physical torture referred to as corporal or capital punishment? (Browne 2). Doesn?t sound too bad to me. I believe that the punishment should fit the crime. If a man beats his wife to death, he in turn should be beaten to death. My solution to the prison problem is a simple yet harsh one. An eye for an eye. By the way, what ever happened to cutting your hand off for stealing? Bibliography ?Alternatives to Prison.? 2 Feb. 2000. Browne, Julie. ?The Labor of Doing Time.? 2 Feb. 2000. ?Prisons Do Not Work.? 2 Feb. 2000.